Crypto tax by EU country

How is a private individual taxed on crypto in 2026? For each member state: how gains are taxed, at what rate, which exemption applies and whether swapping one crypto for another already counts. Every line has been checked against two sources, wherever possible the tax authority or the law itself.

Checked on 2 October 2026 · 27 countries

This is not tax advice. Rules depend on your personal situation and change over time; if in doubt, check your own country's source or ask an adviser.

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The essentials per country. Select a country for the details, exceptions and sources.

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The essentials per country. Select a country for the details, exceptions and sources.

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Country	How it is taxed	Rate	Exemption	Crypto-to-crypto swap
Austria	Flat rate on gains	27.5%	None	No
Belgium	Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation	10%	€10,000 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed	Yes, taxable
Bulgaria	Flat rate on gains	10%	None	Yes, taxable
Croatia	Tax-free after holding period	12%	None	No
Cyprus	Flat rate on gains	8%	None	Yes, taxable
Czechia	Tax-free after holding period	15–23%	Sales up to and including CZK 100,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything	Yes, taxable
Denmark	Taxed as income	Your income tax rate	None	Yes, taxable
Estonia	Flat rate on gains	22%	None	Yes, taxable
Finland	Banded rates on gains	30–34%	Sales up to and including €1,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything	Yes, taxable
France	Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation	31.4%	Sales up to and including €305 per year untaxed; above that, everything	No
Germany	Tax-free after holding period	0–45%	Gains below €1,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything	Yes, taxable
Greece	Not yet settled	Not established	Not established	Not established
Hungary	Flat rate on gains	15%	Sales up to and including HUF 32,280 per transaction untaxed; above that, everything	No
Ireland	Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation	33%	€1,270 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed	Yes, taxable
Italy	Flat rate on gains	33%	None	No
Latvia	Flat rate on gains	25.5%	None	No
Lithuania	Taxed as income	15–32%	€2,500 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed	Yes, taxable
Luxembourg	Tax-free after holding period	0–42%	Gains below €500 per year untaxed; above that, everything	Yes, taxable
Malta	Untaxed for individualsDepends on your situation	0%	None	Not established
Netherlands	Tax on wealth	36% on a deemed return of 6%	€59,357 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed	No
Poland	Flat rate on gains	19%	None	No
Portugal	Tax-free after holding period	28%	None	No
Romania	Flat rate on gains	16%	Gains below RON 200 per transaction untaxed; above that, everything	Not established
Slovakia	Taxed as income	19–35%	None	Yes, taxable
Slovenia	Untaxed for individualsDepends on your situation	0%	None	No
Spain	Banded rates on gains	19–30%	None	Yes, taxable
Sweden	Flat rate on gains	30%	None	Yes, taxable

Austria
Flat rate on gains
Rate
27.5%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Belgium
Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation
Rate
10%
Exemption
€10,000 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Bulgaria
Flat rate on gains
Rate
10%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Croatia
Tax-free after holding period
Rate
12%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Cyprus
Flat rate on gains
Rate
8%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Czechia
Tax-free after holding period
Rate
15–23%
Exemption
Sales up to and including CZK 100,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Denmark
Taxed as income
Rate
Your income tax rate
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Estonia
Flat rate on gains
Rate
22%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Finland
Banded rates on gains
Rate
30–34%
Exemption
Sales up to and including €1,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
France
Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation
Rate
31.4%
Exemption
Sales up to and including €305 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Germany
Tax-free after holding period
Rate
0–45%
Exemption
Gains below €1,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Greece
Not yet settled
Rate
Not established
Exemption
Not established
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Not established
Hungary
Flat rate on gains
Rate
15%
Exemption
Sales up to and including HUF 32,280 per transaction untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Ireland
Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation
Rate
33%
Exemption
€1,270 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Italy
Flat rate on gains
Rate
33%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Latvia
Flat rate on gains
Rate
25.5%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Lithuania
Taxed as income
Rate
15–32%
Exemption
€2,500 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Luxembourg
Tax-free after holding period
Rate
0–42%
Exemption
Gains below €500 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Malta
Untaxed for individualsDepends on your situation
Rate
0%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Not established
Netherlands
Tax on wealth
Rate
36% on a deemed return of 6%
Exemption
€59,357 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Poland
Flat rate on gains
Rate
19%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Portugal
Tax-free after holding period
Rate
28%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Romania
Flat rate on gains
Rate
16%
Exemption
Gains below RON 200 per transaction untaxed; above that, everything
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Not established
Slovakia
Taxed as income
Rate
19–35%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Slovenia
Untaxed for individualsDepends on your situation
Rate
0%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
No
Spain
Banded rates on gains
Rate
19–30%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable
Sweden
Flat rate on gains
Rate
30%
Exemption
None
Crypto-to-crypto swap
Yes, taxable

By country

Austria

27.5%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 27.5%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed only on sale
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Crypto bought before 1 March 2021 falls under the old rules: once you have held it for a year, selling it is tax-free.
Staking rewards are only taxed when you sell; interest from lending is taxed as soon as you receive it.
Since 2024, Austrian providers have withheld the 27.5% themselves.

Official source: Bundesministerium für Finanzen

Sources (15)

Belgium

10%

Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation

Whether you are a private investor or a professional or speculative trader is assessed case by case. A different rate applies to the latter.

Rate: 10%
Exemption: €10,000 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

Gains built up before 2026 are exempt: the value on 31 December 2025 counts as the purchase price.
Speculative trading, or trading beyond the normal management of your assets: 33%. Professional trading: taxed as professional income.
Nothing is withheld on crypto: you declare the gains yourself.

Coming up

Enacted · from 2027From income year 2027, you build up to €1,000 of extra exemption each year, up to about €15,000 in total.

Official source: Wet van 6 april 2026 (Belgisch Staatsblad)

Sources (7)

Bulgaria

10%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 10%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Gains and losses for the year are netted and then reduced by a flat 10% cost deduction. In effect, you pay about 9%.
Bulgaria has used the euro since 1 January 2026; amounts from 2026 onwards are in euros.

Sources (10)

Croatia

12%

Tax-free after holding period

Rate: 12%
Exemption: None
Holding period: 2 years
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Even gains that are tax-free after two years must be reported (form JOPPD).
The fact that swaps and mining are treated this way rests on a 2018 position of the tax authority, not on the law.

Official source: Porezna uprava

Sources (12)

Cyprus

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 8%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

The flat rate of 8% has applied since 1 January 2026 (Article 20E of the Income Tax Law).
Crypto obtained through mining falls outside the 8% regime; the ordinary income rules apply instead.

Official source: Νόμος 244(I)/2025

Sources (8)

Czechia

15–23%

Tax-free after holding period

Rate: 15–23%
Exemption: Sales up to and including CZK 100,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: 3 years
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed only on sale
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

Tax-free proceeds after three years are capped at CZK 40 million a year; on the excess, you pay tax proportionately.

Official source: Finanční správa

Sources (12)

Denmark

Your income tax rate

Taxed as income

Rate: Your income tax rate
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Losses cannot be offset against gains; they only give you a deduction worth about 26%.
Gains count as personal income. The rate depends on your total income and your municipality.

Coming up

AnnouncedRecommended: tax crypto every year on its change in value (lagerbeskatning). The bill has been postponed twice.

Official source: Skattestyrelsen

Sources (15)

Estonia

22%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 22%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

Since 2025, losses only count for crypto bought from a provider with a MiCA authorisation.

Official source: Maksu- ja Tolliamet

Sources (13)

Finland

30–34%

Banded rates on gains

Rate: 30–34%
Exemption: Sales up to and including €1,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

30% on up to €30,000 of capital income a year, 34% above that.
Losses can be offset in the same year and the following five years, first against gains on sales and then against other capital income. If the purchase costs of all your sales in the year came to no more than €1,000 in total, the loss does not count.

Official source: Verohallinto

Sources (9)

France

31.4%

Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation

Whether you are a private investor or a professional or speculative trader is assessed case by case. A different rate applies to the latter.

Rate: 31.4%
Exemption: Sales up to and including €305 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

The 31.4% is 12.8% income tax plus 18.6% social charges. You can opt for the progressive rate instead.
You declare on form 2086; accounts on foreign platforms are reported on form 3916-bis.

Official source: impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP)

Sources (11)

Germany

0–45%

Tax-free after holding period

Rate: 0–45%
Exemption: Gains below €1,000 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: 1 year
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Staking, lending and hobby mining are taxed on receipt, but are exempt as long as that income stays below €256 a year in total (Freigrenze).
For high incomes, a 5.5% solidarity surcharge is added to income tax.

Coming up

Proposed · from 2027According to press reports (September 2026), the Finance Ministry wants to tax crypto bought after 31 December 2026 at a 25% flat rate (Abgeltungsteuer), with no exemption after one year. There is no bill yet.

Official source: Finanzverwaltung NRW

Sources (21)

Greece

Not established

Not yet settled

Rate: Not established
Exemption: Not established
Holding period: Not established
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Not established
Losses: Not established
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

There is no statutory rule for crypto. The tax authority decides case by case: sometimes as business income, sometimes as unexplained growth in wealth.

Coming up

ProposedDraft bill: 15% on gains and €500 a year exempt. It is with the cabinet and not yet in parliament.

Sources (10)

Hungary

15%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 15%
Exemption: Sales up to and including HUF 32,280 per transaction untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed only on sale
Staking and lending: Taxed only on sale
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Tax only becomes due when you convert crypto into money, goods or services.
Since 2025, a loss gives you a reduction of 15% of that loss, up to the crypto tax for the current year and the two years before.
Small transactions are exempt: up to 10% of the minimum wage per transaction, provided there is no other such transaction that day, and no more than one minimum wage a year (minimum wage 2026: HUF 322,800).

Official source: Nemzeti Adó- és Vámhivatal (NAV)

Sources (11)

Ireland

33%

Flat rate on gainsDepends on your situation

Whether you are a private investor or a professional or speculative trader is assessed case by case. A different rate applies to the latter.

Rate: 33%
Exemption: €1,270 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Ireland has no separate crypto rules: selling, swapping and paying with crypto fall under ordinary Capital Gains Tax.

Official source: Revenue

Sources (8)

Italy

33%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 33%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: Yes

Note

E-money tokens (EMTs) denominated in euros are taxed at 26%.
Only swaps between crypto-assets with the same characteristics and functions are untaxed.
You pay 0.2% a year on your holdings (IVCA or stamp duty).

Official source: Agenzia delle Entrate

Sources (14)

Latvia

25.5%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 25.5%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

Above €200,000 of total annual income, an extra 3% applies.

Coming up

ProposedProposal: tax crypto like an investment account, only on withdrawals above the amount paid in. Three readings in parliament still to go.

Official source: Valsts ieņēmumu dienests (VID)

Sources (10)

Lithuania

15–32%

Taxed as income

Rate: 15–32%
Exemption: €2,500 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Not established
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

15% up to €27,745.80; above that 20%, 25% and 32%, depending on your total annual income.
The €2,500 applies to all private assets sold combined, not just to crypto.

Official source: Valstybinė mokesčių inspekcija (VMI)

Sources (13)

Luxembourg

0–42%

Tax-free after holding period

Rate: 0–42%
Exemption: Gains below €500 per year untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: 6 months
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Not established
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Income tax carries a surcharge for the employment fund of 7% or 9%.

Official source: Administration des contributions directes

Sources (9)

Malta

Untaxed for individualsDepends on your situation

Whether you are a private investor or a professional or speculative trader is assessed case by case. A different rate applies to the latter.

Rate: 0%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Not established
Losses: Not established
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

If you trade (assessed case by case using the ‘badges of trade’), you pay income tax of 0 to 35%.
No official Maltese source could be accessed. This rule relies on the law and on law-firm summaries of the 2018 guidelines.

Official source: Income Tax Act (Cap. 123)

Sources (11)

Netherlands

36% on a deemed return of 6%

Tax on wealth

Rate: 36% on a deemed return of 6%
Exemption: €59,357 per year tax-free; only the excess is taxed
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Not deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Yes

Note

No tax per sale: box 3 looks at the value on 1 January.
If your actual return was lower than the deemed return, you can declare it and pay tax on that instead.
Mining only counts as income (box 1) if it goes beyond normal asset management.

Coming up

Proposed · from 2027Proposed for 2027: a tax-free allowance of €30,846 and a deemed return on other assets that is 1.5 percentage points higher.
Proposed · from 2028Tax on actual returns: on realised gains for financial instruments from 2028, and for other assets from 2030. Whether crypto counts as a financial instrument is not yet known.

Official source: Belastingdienst

Sources (12)

Poland

19%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 19%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: No clear rule
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

Purchase costs you have not yet offset carry forward to the following years.
Above PLN 1,000,000 of income, a 4% solidarity levy (danina solidarnościowa) is added.
You file on PIT-38, by 30 April of the following year at the latest.

Official source: Krajowa Administracja Skarbowa

Sources (7)

Portugal

28%

Tax-free after holding period

Rate: 28%
Exemption: None
Holding period: 1 year
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed only on sale
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

The exemption after 365 days and the deferral on swaps only apply if the counterparty is in the EU, the EEA or a tax-treaty country.
You can opt for the progressive rate instead of 28%; only then can you carry losses forward for five years.
Moving abroad counts as a sale.

Official source: Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira

Sources (11)

Romania

16%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 16%
Exemption: Gains below RON 200 per transaction untaxed; above that, everything
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Not established
Losses: Not established
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Gains below RON 200 per transaction are exempt, as long as total gains for the year do not exceed RON 600.
Depending on your total income outside employment, a 10% health insurance contribution (CASS) may be due.
Up to and including 2025, the rate was 10%.

Official source: Agenția Națională de Administrare Fiscală (ANAF)

Sources (11)

Slovakia

19–35%

Taxed as income

Rate: 19–35%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed only on sale
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: Not established

Note

In 2026 and 2027 you also pay 16% health insurance contributions on the gains.

Official source: Finančná správa

Sources (12)

Slovenia

Untaxed for individualsDepends on your situation

Whether you are a private investor or a professional or speculative trader is assessed case by case. A different rate applies to the latter.

Rate: 0%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: No
Losses: Not established
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Not established
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Mining: 25% advance tax on receipt; the income then counts towards your annual income tax.
A proposal for a 25% tax on crypto gains was taken off the parliamentary agenda in November 2025 and not adopted.

Official source: Finančna uprava (FURS)

Sources (11)

Spain

19–30%

Banded rates on gains

Rate: 19–30%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Not established
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: Yes

Note

If you hold more than €50,000 in crypto with foreign custodians, you report it on Modelo 721.
Crypto counts towards wealth tax (Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio).

Official source: Agencia Tributaria

Sources (23)

Sweden

30%

Flat rate on gains

Rate: 30%
Exemption: None
Holding period: None
Crypto-to-crypto swap: Yes, taxable
Losses: Partly deductible
Mining: Taxed on receipt
Staking and lending: Taxed on receipt
Wealth tax on crypto: No

Note

Losses are 70% deductible; a net capital loss gives you a reduction in the tax on other income.
You calculate the purchase price using the average cost method (genomsnittsmetoden).

Official source: Skatteverket

Sources (11)

How this register is compiled

For each country we read the rules published by the tax authority, the finance ministry or the law itself. A second, independent check then tests every line against another source. Anything that cannot be backed by two sources is left out: you will see ‘not established’ rather than an estimate. Amounts are shown in the currency the country publishes them in.

Updated twice a year

Tax rules usually change on 1 January, sometimes on 1 July. That is why we recheck the entire register at both points. Bills are listed under ‘Coming up’ and only count once they are enacted.

Authorisation register

Disclaimer and liability

We compile this register with the greatest possible care and recheck it twice a year. Even so, rules can change faster than we can update them, and despite our care an error may slip in. The information is general in nature and does not constitute tax, legal or financial advice; it does not take your personal situation into account. We accept no liability for any loss or damage arising from the use of this information. For your tax return, the official rules of your own country always apply; if in doubt, consult your tax authority or a tax adviser.

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